Insights into Neurodegenerative Diseases: Understanding impact, symptoms, treatments

Written By: Krrish Ladha

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Abstract

Neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) encompass a group of chronic conditions characterized by progressive dysfunction and a gradual decline in cognitive, motor, and behavioral functions. This article discusses various aspects of NDs, represented by Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Parkinson’s disease (PD), and Huntington’s disease (HD). The primary aim of this article is to increase awareness and understanding of these conditions. With no cure, the trajectory of NDs tends to worsen over time. Some fundamental molecular mechanisms contributing to nerve degeneration include protein aggregations, neuroinflammation, and viruses. These factors significantly impact human health in various ways. While there is no cure for NDs, there are temporary solutions that can ensure a slower and easier life. Some current treatments include temporary relief through pharmaceutical interventions, therapy, and more. The most common pharmaceutical intervention is Donepezil HCL, which can help treat dementia and improve memory and awareness (Alzheimer's Association, 2023).

Introduction

Neurodegenerative diseases take a heavy toll on individuals and families. Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Parkinson’s disease (PD), and Huntington’s disease (HD) are the most common examples of NDs characterized by different clinical features. Despite different underlying molecular mechanisms, research methods have yet to find a way to fully address these neurological disorders. These conditions are typically incurable and worsen over time. Key factors caused by neuron degeneration include viral infections and the unprecedented nature of ND pathogenesis (National Institute on Aging, 2021). This article explores these factors' intricacies in shaping the course of NDs by underscoring the immediate need for unique approaches through diagnosis and treatments.

Literature Review

Neurodegenerative diseases are characterized by the loss of neurons. Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Parkinson’s disease (PD), and Huntington’s disease (HD) are the most common NDs. The loss of connection between neurons characterizes AD, Parkinson’s disease causes a loss of reflexes, and HD is the cause of neuron death and represents distinct pathological features. Overall, each neurodegenerative disease depicts different symptoms, both pathologically and clinically (ScienceDaily, 2024).

Alzheimer’s Disease

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is one of the most common NDs. It primarily affects older adults ages 65+ because of changes in their lifestyle and environment, posing great dangers. Changes in the brain primarily classify and characterize Alzheimer’s disease. These changes occur due to genetics, age, and other factors (Yale Medicine, 2023). A recent study by Yale Medicine shows that “in January, the FDA gave the medication an accelerated approval based on amyloid plaque clearance,” referring to the drug Lecanemab. This drug has been shown to remove plaque in the brain. “Lecanemab works by removing a sticky protein from the brain that is believed to cause Alzheimer’s disease to advance” (Yale Medicine, 2023). It has also been demonstrated to slow functional decline in the early stages of AD.

Parkinson’s Disease

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second most common ND, causing a loss in motor reflexes. It is distinguished by its compounded neurodegenerative nature, characterized by rigid and slow (bradykinesia) motor movements. Along with AD, Parkinson’s disease usually first develops after age 60. It occurs when a chemical in the brain called dopamine is not released. When the cells in the brain’s center (basal ganglia) die or become impaired, they limit or prevent the movement of muscles and motor control (Mayo Clinic, 2024). Current research and treatments for PD suggest that the best way to help is by increasing the dopamine levels in the brain through sleep, exercise, exposure to sunlight, and more. This can help control muscles and improve motor reflexes. Another way to help is through therapy, using a drug called Levodopa to help increase dopamine levels.

Huntington’s Disease

Huntington’s Disease (HD) is a genetically inherited neurodegenerative disease passed from parent to child through a mutation. If one parent has HD, there is a 50% chance that the offspring will inherit it. HD has been linked to “repeat expansion” (National Institute on Aging, 2021). According to the National Institute on Aging, repeat expansion is “a type of mutation that results in abnormal repetition of certain DNA building blocks.” This mutation occurs when sets of three DNA blocks repeat multiple times, producing a protein called Huntington. This neurodegenerative disease impacts individuals by damaging nerve cells, leading to malfunction and brain damage. While NDs remain incurable, current treatments for HD include drugs like haloperidol, tetrabenazine, and amantadine. Although HD isn’t curable, these drugs aim to treat and control specific symptoms and unusual movements (National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, 2024).

Conclusion

In conclusion, neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and Huntington’s disease, pose significant challenges to human health. These conditions are characterized by progressive dysfunction and a gradual decline in cognitive, motor, and behavioral functions. While current treatments provide temporary relief, there is an urgent need for more effective therapies. Increased awareness and understanding of these diseases are crucial for developing better diagnostic methods and treatments in the future.

References

Ladha, K. (2024). Insights into neurodegenerative diseases: Understanding impact, symptoms, treatments.

Alzheimer's Association. (2023). 2023 Alzheimer’s disease facts and figures. Retrieved from https://www.alz.org/alzheimers-dementia/facts-figures

Mayo Clinic. (2024). Parkinson’s disease: Symptoms & causes. Retrieved from https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/parkinsons-disease/symptoms-causes/syc-2037 6055

National Institute on Aging. (2021). Neurodegenerative diseases. Retrieved from https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/neurodegenerative-diseases

National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke. (2024). Huntington's disease fact sheet. Retrieved from https://www.ninds.nih.gov/Disorders/Patient-Caregiver-Education/Fact-Sheets/Huntingtons-Dise ase-Fact-Sheet

ScienceDaily. (2024). Neurodegenerative diseases. Retrieved from https://www.sciencedaily.com/news/health_medicine/neurodegenerative_diseases/

Yale Medicine. (2023). Alzheimer’s disease. Retrieved from https://www.yalemedicine.org/conditions/alzheimers-disease